Superconductors Peculiarity of copper oxides

Copper oxides are unusual in two respects. First, octahedral-site Cu(II):t6e3 contains a single e hole in the 3d shell, which makes it orbitally degenerate and, therefore, a strong Jahn–Teller ion; consequently, Cu(II) ions normally occupy octahedral sites that are deformed to tetragonal (c/a > 1) symmetry by Jahn–Teller orbital ordering. However, without cooperativity stabilizing long-range orbital ordering, the electrons may couple locally to E-mode vibrations, forming vibronic states in a dynamic Jahn–Teller coupling. Second, the Cu(II):3d9 energy level lies below the top of the O2 −:2p6 valence band in an ionic model; the introduction of covalent bonding creates states of e-orbital symmetry at the top of the O2 −:2p6 bands that have a large single bond2pσ component. Locally this single bond component increases dramatically on oxidation of Cu(II) to Cu(III). The change in hybridization represents a polarization of the oxygen atoms that decreases the equilibrium Cusingle bondO bond length. Still, the change in polarization is fast relative to the motion of the oxygen nucleus. Therefore, a dynamic vibronic phenomenon may reflect coupling to the polarization cloud of the oxygen atoms rather than to significant oxygen-atom displacements. Nevertheless, hybridization with a polarization wave on the oxygen-atom array would significantly increase an itinerant electron's effective mass m*. If you are looking for high quality, high purity, and cost-effective Copper oxide, or if you require the latest price, please email contact mis-asia.