What is manganese dioxide?
The type of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and its quantity used in dry cells are mainly responsible for cell capacity. Performance characteristics depend on individual crystal structure, varying degrees of hydration, and the activity of the manganese dioxide. Manganese dioxide potentials are additionally affected by the pH of the electrolyte. Most zinc–carbon batteries are cathode limited. Four different types of manganese dioxide are applied in dry cells: (NMD alpha- and beta-structure), activated manganese dioxide (AMD), chemically synthesized manganese dioxide (CMD, delta-structure), and electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD, gamma-structure). Activated manganese dioxide is prepared by chemical treatment of natural ore (roasting, sulfuric acid treatment). The CMD type may be obtained either as a by-product of an oxidation process with potassium permanganate or by the thermal decomposition of other manganese compounds followed by oxidation. Electrolytic manganese dioxide is obtained by anodic oxidation of manganese sulfate in hot sulfuric acid. Although more expensive, EMD has the advantage of yielding higher cell capacity with improved rate capability (for heavy or industrial applications), and its polarization is significantly lower compared to other types.
Introduction of manganese dioxide
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has been successfully used as inexpensive and abundant battery material since its introduction in zinc–carbon batteries (with ammonium chloride electrolyte) by G. L. Leclanché in 1866. Initially, naturally occurring MnO2 was used, followed by chemically synthesized manganese dioxide, substantially improving the performance of Leclanché batteries. Later, the more efficient electrochemically prepared manganese dioxide (EMD) was applied, enhancing cell capacity and rate capability. The pioneering work of Herbert resulted in the first commercialization of the alkaline manganese dioxide–zinc battery in 1952, comprising a potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte. Further improvements (e.g., design change, powder zinc anodes) were achieved by Union Carbide Corp. from 1960 to 1970, leading to a more powerful alkaline cell. The alkaline MnO2–Zn battery has become today's predominant primary battery system, having several advantages over its acidic electrolyte counterpart. Moreover, the primary battery was further developed by K. Kordesch into a rechargeable alkaline battery system produced in 1994.
On the MnO2 structure type
Generally, the voltage depends on the manganese oxidation state and the MnO2 structure type (1–5 V). Using host structures such as carbon, lithium alloys, and metal oxides instead of metallic lithium as the negative electrode improved battery safety, especially for rechargeable cells. Several rechargeable lithium battery systems with manganese oxide positive electrodes were commercialized in the past: C/LiMn2O4 (3.5 V), LiAl/MnO2 (2.5-V, coin cell), and LiTiO2/LiMn2O4 (1.5-V coin cell). Layered lithium–manganese oxides and lithium–nickel–manganese oxides are desirable alternatives to the LiCoO2 cathode of lithium-ion batteries. The versatile use of electronic consumer products (i.e., cellular phones, video cameras, and laptops) and the need for lightweight batteries with high energy and power density have promoted the development of lithium-ion batteries for nearly two decades. Much effort has been focused on manganese-based materials as cathodes in lithium batteries due to low cost and safety. Lithium–manganese dioxide cells offer a significantly higher voltage than their Zn–MnO2 analogs.
Price of manganese dioxide
Manganese dioxide particle size and purity will affect the product's Price, and the purchase volume can also affect the cost of Manganese dioxide. A large amount of large amount will be lower. The Price of manganese dioxide is on our company's official website.
Manganese dioxide supplier
Mis-Asia is a reliable and high-quality global chemical material supplier and manufacturer. It has over 12 years of experience providing ultra-high quality chemicals and nanotechnology materials, including manganese dioxide, nitride powder, graphite powder, sulfide powder, and 3D printing powder. If you are looking for high-quality and cost-effective manganese dioxide, you are welcome to contact us or inquire any time.
