Self-driving cars, or connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), are closer than ever to becoming a mainstay on our roads. Already, many modern cars have self-driving capabilities – now the next step is full automation.
Before that is allowed, however, considerable testing still needs to be done. On 18 September, the European Commission published an independent expert report that looks at some of the outstanding safety and ethical issues still to be addressed and how we might tackle them.
Image credit: Pixabay (Free Pixabay license)
We spoke to three experts involved in the report about what steps they think still need to be taken to make CAVs safe, what challenges still need to be overcome, and how we can prepare for a future in which both computer-driven and human-driven cars are on our roads.
1. Self-driving cars and humans must be able to monitor each other
CAVs need to be able to understand the limitations of their human driver, and vice versa, says Marieke Martens, a professor in automated vehicles and human interaction from the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands. In other words, the human driver needs to be ready to take control of the car in certain situations, such as dealing with roadworks, while the car also needs to be able to monitor the capacity of the human in the car.
‘We (need) systems that can predict and understand what people can do,’ she said, adding that under certain conditions these systems could decide when it’s better to take control or alert the driver. For example, if the driver is fatigued or not paying attention, she says, then the car ‘should notice and take proper actions’, such as telling the driver to pay attention or explaining that action needs to be taken.
Prof. Martens added that rather than just a screen telling the driver automated features have been activated, better interfaces known as HMIs (human machine interaction) will need to be developed to talk between the driver and the car ‘so that the person really understands what the car can and cannot do, and the car really understands what the person can and cannot do.’
2. We need to test them in more diverse environments
Much of the self-driving car testing that has happened so far has been in relatively easy environments, says Dr John Danaher from the National University of Ireland, Galway, a lecturer in law who focuses on the implications of new technologies. In order to prove they can be safer than human-driven cars, we will need to show they can handle more taxing situations.
‘There are some questions about whether they are genuinely safe,’ he said. ‘You need to do more testing to actually ascertain their true risk potential, and you also need to test them in more diverse environments, which is something that hasn’t really been done (to a sufficient degree).
‘They tend to be tested in relatively controlled environments like motorways or highways, which are relatively more predictable and less accident-prone than driving on wet and windy country roads. The jury is still out on whether they are going to be less harmful, but that is certainly the marketing pitch.’
3. The private data of people in the vehicle must be protected
When we talk about CAVs, we often discuss how they share information with other road users. But, notes Professor Sandra Wachter from the University of Oxford, UK, an Associate Professor in the law and ethics of AI, data, and robotics, that raises the significant issue of data protection. ‘That’s not really the fault of anybody, it’s just the technology needs that type of data,’ she said, adding that we need to take the privacy risks seriously.
That includes sharing location data and other information that could reveal a lot about a person when one car talks to another. ‘It could be things like sexual orientation, ethnicity, health status,’ said Prof. Wachter, with things like ethnicity being possible to glean from a postcode for example. ‘Basically anything about your life can be inferred from those types of data.’
Solutions include making sure CAVs comply with existing legal frameworks in other areas, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe, and deleting data when it is no longer needed. But further safeguards might be needed to deal with privacy concerns caused by CAVs. ‘Those things are very important,’ said Prof. Wachter.
4. CAVs can predict the future, but humans cannot – we need to account for that
One of the major benefits of CAVs is they can interact both with other cars and the roads themselves, such as with traffic lights, to provide a safer driving experience. But, says Prof. Martens, in a world where both CAVs and human drivers are on the roads together, some limitations of human drivers will need to be taken into account.
‘It’s really important to make sure that (CAVs) naturally blend into the current traffic we have,’ she said, noting they will initially need to be designed to act human. ‘A connected car has more information than a manually driven vehicle,’ she said. ‘They can start to accelerate when a traffic light is still red, because they know it will be green very soon.’
Another scenario might be at a pedestrian crossing, where an automated car can stop more quickly than a human car – but pedestrians and cyclists will need to know a car is automated in order to feel safe enough to cross. ‘I think in the transition period in the next couple of decades, cars need to behave within specific boundaries that are what people are used to,’ said Prof. Martens.
5. CAVs must enable a wider range of people to safely travel in vehicles
CAVs could be safely used by people who currently aren’t able to travel by car. For example, elderly or disabled people who would struggle to drive a car themselves could now enjoy an experience used by many others, said Prof. Wachter.
‘We want to make sure that the technology is improving accessibility,’ she said. ‘That means accessibility and mobility, for example, of people who are at the moment not able to enjoy the benefits of driving. Designers (need to) keep that in mind, that it’s actually the service of a wider community and not just for a few people.
‘For elderly people, it could potentially be very helpful, and for people who are no longer able to drive themselves, or somebody that is injured at the moment, or children could be another group if those systems are safe. You could (also) think about carpooling opportunities that could have a positive impact on the environment.’
The research in this article was funded by the EU.
Written by Jonathan O’Callaghan
This article was originally published in Horizon, the EU Research and Innovation magazine.
MIS-ASIA is an online content marketing platform that has a large number of visitors worldwide. It is considered to be the leading IT, mechanical, chemical, and nanomaterial information distributor in the Asia-Pacific region. The MIS-ASIA website provides high-quality articles and news on digital information technology, mechanical technology, nanotechnology, biology and science for scientists, engineers and industry experts, machinery suppliers and buyers, chemical suppliers and laboratories. If you need advertising and posting service, or you need to start sponsorship, please contact us.
