Single-layer graphene consists of a single layer made of carbon atoms. The sp2 covalent link between each carbon atom makes single-layer graphene the stiffest and thinnest material in the universe (its fracture strength is around 200 times that steel). It is nearly transparent and absorbs 2.3% light. It has a thermal conductivity as high as 5300 W/m. K is greater than diamond and carbon nanotubes; its resistivity is only 0.96×10-6 O.cm, which is lower than silver and copper. Graphene also has a large specific area (2630m2/g). The unique feature of graphene lies in its absence of doping. It is found when the conduction bands and the valence bands are connected. This point has an electron’s effective mass equal to zero. The carrier is a Dirac of zero mass. Fermions possess excellent carrier conduction properties and can carry current densities up to 108A/cm2 as well as 200,000 cm2/V. The carrier mobility is s which is greater than silicon crystals or carbon nanotubes. In the absence of carrier transmission graphene still has conductivity s=e2/h. This is known as the bipolar effect. Although it doesn’t conform with the Bonn–Oppenheim approximation to quantum mechanics, it can be observed at room temperatures. The Hall effect at room temperature expands the original temperature range ten times, which gives it unique carrier characteristics. It also has excellent electrical quality. The unique electronic structure that graphene has makes it possible to confirm relativistic quantum electrodynamic effects, which are not readily observed in particle Physics.
Graphene, the best material to make nanoelectronic devices, is it. Graphene-based devices can be smaller, use less energy, and transmit electrons faster than others. Graphene can produce high-frequency transistors, up to THz, due to its electron transmission speed. The graphene structure can be stable even at nanometer scales, even with one hexagonal ring. This is important for the development molecular level electronic devices. Single-electronic components prepared by electron beam printing and etching technology may break through the limits of traditional electronic technology, and have excellent application prospects in the fields of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, memory, and sensors, and are expected to be the development of ultra-high-speed computer chips. This breakthrough will be a major step forward in medical technology.
A single-layer graphene film can also be used as a microscopic filter to decompose gasses. Medical research will benefit greatly from this thin film of graphene with a thickness of one atom. This thin film can contain molecules for analysis and observation by electron microscopes. Graphene emits an external noise signal to detect gases. It can also accurately detect individual gas molecules. Potential applications for graphene in molecular probes, chemical sensors, and molecular sensors.
Because of its outstanding electrical, thermal, mechanical and physical properties, Single-layer graphene is widely used in semiconductor electronic packaging.
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